1.0 Networking Fundamentals
1.1 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model
OSI Model
Abstract model used to help describe and conceptualize networking.
Layer 1 - Physical
Physical connections, electronic signals and mechanisms.
Examples: Ethernet PHY, WiFi, USB, SATA
Layer 2 - Data Link
Transfers data (Frames) between network objects.
Examples: Ethernet, MAC Address, IEEE 802.2, IEEE 802.11, Token Ring, Frame Relay
Layer 3 - Network
Packet forwarding, routing.
Examples: IPv4, IPv6, RIP (Routing Information Protocol), OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), IPsec (VPN Routing)
Layer 4 - Transport
End-to-end communication services, connection-oriented communication, reliability, data flow control, multiplexing (multiple signals combined into one to share scarce resources)
Examples: TCP (Transmission Control), UDP (User Datagram), RDP (Remote Desktop), FCP (Fiber Channel), ATP (Autonomous Transport)
Layer 5 - Session
Mechanisms for opening, closing, and managing a session between application processes.
Examples: ISO-SP, NetBIOS (basic LAN comms), PAP (Password Authentication), SMPP (Short Message Peer-to-Peer), SCP (Secure Copy)
Layer 6 - Presentation
Data translator for the network.
Examples: ICA (Independent Computing Architecture/Citrix), AFP (Apple Filing), LPP (Lightweight Presentation), PAD (Packet Assembler/Disassembler)
Layer 7 - Application
User facing layer.
Examples: DNS (Domain Name System), FTP (File Transfer), HTTP (Hypertext Transfer), HTTPS (Secure), DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration), SNMP (Simple Network Management)
Mnemonic to help remember the layers, in reverse order, 7->1
All-7 People-6 Seem-5 To-4 Need-3 Data-2 Processing-1